Diabetes in Children

Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that causes problems with the body's ability to turn food into energy. The body needs the hormone insulin to help move sugar (also known as glucose) from the bloodstream into the cells, where it’s used as fuel. When diabetes develops, this process doesn’t work properly, and sugar builds up in the blood instead of being used for energy. Over time, high blood sugar can damage the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels. If your child has diabetes, they can still live healthy lives and avoid serious issues with the right care and management. 

There are two main types of diabetes seen in children: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, the body can’t regulate blood sugar levels effectively. Type 2 diabetes happens when the body still makes insulin but doesn’t use it properly, a condition called insulin resistance. Over time, the pancreas can’t keep up, and blood sugar levels rise. Both types require close attention and ongoing care, but they differ in how they develop and how they’re managed.

Most children who are diagnosed with diabetes have Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition. It’s not caused by diet or lifestyle and can appear suddenly, often in school-aged children or teens. Type 2 diabetes, once rare in children, is becoming more common, especially among kids with obesity. Family history, limited physical activity, and unhealthy eating habits can increase the risk, but lifestyle changes, such as a well-balanced diet and daily exercise, can go a long way toward preventing it.

It’s important for parents to recognize the early signs of diabetes. Common symptoms include increased thirst and hunger, frequent urination (especially at night), fatigue, irritability, blurry vision, and unexplained weight loss. Some children may also develop darkened areas of skin, usually around the neck or armpits, or experience tingling or numbness in their hands or feet. If you notice any of these symptoms in your child, contact your pediatrician immediately. Your child may need a simple blood glucose test or urine test to check for diabetes.

If your child is diagnosed with diabetes, you’ll work closely with your pediatrician to develop a treatment plan that fits your child’s needs. Managing diabetes usually involves monitoring blood sugar regularly, taking insulin or prescribed medication as directed, and balancing nutrition and activity to keep blood sugar levels steady. For children who take insulin, it’s important to follow dosing instructions carefully, as taking too much can cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), while too little can allow blood sugar to remain too high. Your pediatrician can guide you on how to check your child’s glucose levels and recognize the signs when levels are out of range.

Healthy habits play a major role in managing or preventing Type 2 diabetes. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats like nuts and avocados helps regulate blood sugar. Sugary foods and drinks, including soda, juice, candies, and baked goods, should be limited. Paying attention to nutrition labels is a helpful way to understand serving sizes and look for hidden sugars or unhealthy fats. Exercise is also very important. Children should get at least an hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. Activities like biking, swimming, dancing, or playing sports are not only fun but also help lower blood sugar levels and keep the body strong.

Managing diabetes can feel overwhelming at first, but you don’t have to do it alone. Your pediatrician can help you create a care plan that works for your child’s lifestyle, from medication and nutrition guidance to activity recommendations and emotional support. With consistent care, encouragement, and healthy daily routines, children with diabetes can thrive and enjoy all the experiences of childhood.

If you have questions about your child’s symptoms, nutrition, or diabetes management, contact our office.